Urogenital System HyprPaper 1

Hyperlipidemia in Nephrotic Syndrome is mainly due to?

Decreased renal excretion of free fatty acid.
Increased synthesis of lipoprotein from liver to compensate hypoproteinemia.
Increased plasma level of lipoprotein lipase.
Corticosteroid Therapy.

The risk factors for Pyelonephritis include all of the following EXCEPT;

Pregnancy
Polycystic Kidney Disease
Hypertensive Kidney Disease
Acute Left Ventricular Failure

A 35 year-old man comes to the hospital with progressive swelling of his feet and hands for 3 weeks . Laboratory studies show:

Serum: Urea 2.8mmol/L , Creatinine 56 umol/L , Albumin 14g/L. The spot urine protein creatinine ratio is 4.5

He is likely to have the following complications EXCEPT?

Hyperthyroidism
Pulmonary Embolism
Hypocalcemia
Hypovolemic Shock

A 68 year-old female is admitted for community acquired pneumonia. Apart from high fever and productive cough she has no other symptoms. Her serum sodium is 128 mmol/L and the effective osmolarity is 270mOsm/L.She is in euvolemic state. The most likely casue of her hyponatremia would be due to?

Concomitant congestive cardiac failure.
Increased sodium loss via skin because of high body temperature.
Increased secretion of Anti-diuretic hormone.
Undiagnosed Diabetes Mellitus.

Normal mechanisms that maintain sterility of urine are as follows EXCEPT?

Adequate urine volume.
Free-flow from kidneys through urinary meatus.
Complete bladder emptying.
Regular coitus.

UG Anatomy: Concerning the structures in the various parts of the broad ligament, which of the following is INCORRECT?

The round ligament passes in the broad ligament to the deep inguinal ring.
The ovarian ligament is in the broad ligament between the ovary and the cornua of the uterus.
The Oopheron is located in the mesovarium.
The Fallopian tube is located in the upper boarder of the mesosalpinx.

UG Anatomy: Concerning the body of the uterus, which one of the following in INCORRECT?

The entire uterus proximal to the isthmus is called the body.
The section of the uterus at the entrance of the Fallopian tube is called the cornua.
The body of the uterus has the uterine cavity.
The uterine cavity is continuous with the internal os of the cervix.

UG Anatomy: The Ovary has an attachment to the following structures EXCEPT?

Ovarian ligament
Suspensory ligament of ovary
Round ligament
Mesovarium

UG Anantomy: The mesosalpinx contains the following structures EXCEPT?

Branch of the uterine artery
Branch of the ovarian artery
Paroopharon
Oophoron

Which of the following glomerular diseases is a cause of classic nephrotic syndrome

IgA nephropathy
Lupus nephritis
Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
Membranous nephropathy

Which of the following glomerular diseases involves in-situ antigen-antibody complex formation due to an intrinsic antigen?

Minimal change disease
Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane disease
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis Type I

Which of the following is the most common kidney tumor in adults?

Amgiomyolipoma
Wilm's Tumor/Nephroblastoma
Clear Cell Renal Carcinoma
Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma

Which of the following terms best describes the gross appearance of the kidneys in uncomplicated essential hypertension?

Benign nephrosclerosis
"Flea-bitten" and edematous
Asymmetric with coarse irregular scars
Cortical microabscesses

In the nephron, which of the following is true about the osmolality of fluid?

In the tip of the loop of Henle is less than that of plasma
In the proximal tubule rises along the length
In the Bowman's capsule is less than that in the distal tubules
In the Medullary interstitium can exceed four times that of plasma

In chronic renal failure, which of the following is true?

Ionized calcium levels in the blood tend to be high
Anemia is common
Blood Pco2 tends to be high
Specific gravity of the urine tends to be elevated

Diabetes insipidus causes a fall in which of the following?

Osmolality of the urine
Reabsorption of water from the proximal tubules
Extracellular fluid osmolality
Extracellular but not intracellular volume

Which of the following is true about the proximal convoluted tubules?

Reabsorbs most of the sodium ions in the glomerular filtrate
Contains juxtaglomerular cells which secrete an unknown vasodilator
Contains the main target cells for ADH
Determine to a large extent the final osmolality of urine

Which of the following is true with regards to the glomerular filtration rate?

Is greater than 50% of the plasma flow to the glomeruli
Increases when the oncotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries decreases
Increases when the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries decreases
Increases when the pressure in the Bowman's capsule increases.

The low glomerular filtration rate in the neonate is related to all the following EXCEPT?

Low capillary hydrostatic pressure
Low renal and intra-renal blood flow
Low renal vascular resistance
Immaturity of the nephrons

Which of the following is true about hydrostatic pressure in renal glomerular capillaries?

Is lower than pressure in the efferent arterioles
Rises when afferent arterioles constrict
Is higher than in most capillaries at heart level
Falls by 10% when arterial pressure falls by 10%

As plasma glucose concentration rises above normal, which of the following is true about glucose?

Transport maximum (Tm) increases linearly
Excretion increases and then decreases
Filtration increases linearly
Reabsorption decreases and then increases

The cortical nephrons are different than juxta-medullary nephrons in which of the following way?

A loop of Henle of Cortical nephron is shorter than that of Juxta-medullary nephron
The loop of Henle of Cortical nephron is longer than that of Juxta-medullary nephron
The glomerulus of Cortical nephron lies near to the cortico-medullary junction
In man, approximately 15% of the nephrons is Cortical, with the remaining 85% being Juxta-medullary.

Which one of the following actions is performed by Renin?

Catalyzes angiotensinogen to produce angiotensin I
Causes constriction of peripheral arteries directly
Stimulates aldosterone secretion directly
Promotes renal tubular sodium reabsorption directly

What is the ratio between GFR and RPF called?

Renal Fraction
Filtration Fraction
Transport Maximum
Filtration Coefficient

Concentration of urine is increased by all of the following factors EXCEPT?

Diuretics
Haemorrhage
Antidiuretic hormone
Dehydration

Polyuria is a manifestation of which of the following?

Sympathetic stimulation of the renal artery
Decreased concentration of plasma ADH
Increased concentration of plasma ADH
Increased reabsorption of water by the proximal tubules.

The ability of kidneys to clear the plasma of various substances is called plasma clearance which is represented as which of the following?

ml/minute
mg/ml
mg/minute
mOsm/L

A healthy individual is given an intravenous injection of sodium chloride.He responds to this with zero change in renal arterial pressure , an increase in renal blood flow and an increase in GFR. This procedure produces which of the following?

Vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole
Vasodilation of the afferent arteriole
Vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole
Vasodilation of the efferent arteriole

Ductal spaces of the breast filled with high-grade malignant epithelial cells and displaying central necrosis and calcification is the characteristic histologic description of which one of the following variants of breast cancer?

Comedo carcinoma
Cribriform carcinoma
Lobular carcinoma
Papillary carcinoma

The placental hormone with the maximum rate of secretion during the first trimester is which of the following?

Estrogen
Progesterone
Human chorionic gonadotropin
Oxytocin

Concerning the menstrual cycle, which of the following is true?

The duration of the follicular phase is constant
The duration of the secretory phase corresponds to the life-span of the corpus luteum
Ovulation is triggered by FSH surge
The body temperature rises highly during the follicular phase

Which one of the following will NOT occur when there is non-disjuntion of the sex chromosomes of a normal ovum,when it fertilizes with a normal male spermatozoon?

XXX
YO
XXY
XX

UG Anatomy: Which of the following does NOT belong to either the male or female internal genitalia?

Prostate
Seminal vesicles
Fallopian tubes
Proximal one third of the vagina

Which of the following statements is NOT true about hermaphrodites?

A true hermaphrodite has both ovarian and testicular tissue in the same body
A male pseudohermaphrodite has a testicle and female external gentialia
A female pseudohermaphroditism can be caused by adrenogenital syndrome
A hermaphrodite is normally fertile

Which one of the following changes does NOT occur during secondary sexual characteristics development in males?

Testosterone induced increase in the size of the penis
Acne development
Absence of dihydrotestosterone secretion
Beginning of spermiogenesis

Which one of the following statements is correct?

A mature sperm contains the diploid number of chromosomes
Primary and secondary spermatocytes divide by mitosis to give rise to spermatids
At birth, an ovary contains all the oocytes it will ever have
The sperms are known as male zygotes

During the ovarian cycle, which of the following is true?

The first part of the menstrual cycle is known as the luteal phase
The initiation of the preantral phase of follicle development is under the control of LH
The development of the antral follicle depends on the expression of receptors for FSH and LH
Ovulation occurs in response to a sudden increase of plasma FSH

Which of the following statements is correct about the hormonal control of the menstrual cycle?

The myometrium proliferates under the direct influence of LH and FSH
Estrogens are synthesized only by the cells of the theca interna
After ovulation the ruptured follicle is converted directly into a corpus albicans
Progesterone promotes full development of the endometrium

A typical preovulatory change is which of the following?

Absence of ferning of the cervical mucus
Decrease in gonadotropin hormone level
Cornification of the vaginal epithelium
Secretion of thick and sticky cervical mucus

Which of the following conditions is NOT caused by non-disjunction?

Klinefelter's syndrome
Turner's syndrome
Superfemale
Adrenogenital syndrome

Which of the following is NOT indicative of pregnancy?

Presence of human chorionic gonadotropin in the blood after six days of concept
Presence of hCG in the urine at least fourteen days after conception
Amenorrhoea
Decrease in human chorionic somatomammotropin level in the blood

Which one of the following does NOT occur at puberty?

FSH causes secretion of aromatase in granulosa cells
Estrogen positive feedback
Oogonia directly undergoing meiosis
Anovulatory menses

What is the shape of cells surrounding the oocyte in a primordial follicle?

Flattened, squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
None of the above

What is the correct answer concerning the primary follicles?

They are characterized by a stigma
They are characterized by a cumulus oophorus
The cells are flattened, squamous
The cells are cuboidal or columnar

A 79 year old man with congestive cardiac failure is stable for 18months on frusemide and digoxin. He was started on treatment with ibuprofen for backache owing to osteoarthritis of the lumbar spine. He presents with redeveloped congestive cardiac failure with ascites.
Which of the following is true of the pharmacological action of frusemide?

General dilation of the vascular systems
Increasing calcium storage in cardiac muscles
Reduce left ventricular chamber filling
Reducing cardiac muscle contractility

Which of the following adverse effects from long-term use of furosemide is MOST likely to compromise digoxin?

Hypocalcemia
Hypernatremia
Hyperureamia
Hypokalemia

Which of the following conditions would benefit from sex chromatin assessment to determine the sex type of an individual?

XXX Karyotype
Mosaic with XX
Mosaic with XY
Leukocytes with "drumsticks"

Which one of the following changes is LEAST likely to be present in the adrenogenital syndrome?

Decreased corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH)
Increased cortisol
Stunting
Pseudo-precocious puberty

Urogenital System HyprPaper 1

Urogenital System HyprPaper 1

January 22, 2021

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